Helmut
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2020-09-09 18:21
(1296 d 04:02 ago)

Posting: # 21912
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 EMA: Waiving MD study [Regulatives / Guidelines]

Dear all,

at the end an [image] script to play with.

For any elimination half life longer than ~7 hours and an intended dosing interval of 24 hours it will be impossible to get the MD study waived. Red are formulations with flip-flop PK (kakel).

last <- 72
ke   <- log(2)/7
tlag <- 0


[image]


If the half life is short (say, 3 hours) you don’t have to dive deep into flip-flop PK and may succeed. However, such a limited extension might not match your development target.

last <- 36
ke   <- log(2)/3
tlag <- 1


[image]




C.t <- function(f, D, V, ka, ke, t, tlag) { # 1-compartment
  if (any(c(length(f) > 1, length(D) > 1, length(V) > 1,
            length(ka) > 1, length(ke) > 1)))
    stop("f, D, V, ka, ke have to be scalars.")
  if (f <= 0 | f > 1) stop("f has to be positive <= 1.")
  if (any(c(D <= 0, V <= 0, ka <= 0, ke <= 0)))
    stop("D, V, ka, ke have to be positive.")
  if (missing(tlag)) tlag <- 0
  if (tlag < 0) stop("tlag has to be >= 0.")
  if (ka != ke) {
    C <- f*D*ka/(V*(ka-ke))*(exp(-ke*(t-tlag))-exp(-ka*(t-tlag)))
  } else { # flip-flop PK
    k <- ka
    C <- f*D*k*(t-tlag)/V*exp(-k*(t-tlag))
  }
  C[C < 0] <- NA # negatives due to lag-time
  return(C)
}
AUC.t <- function(C, t, tau) { # lin-up/log-down method
  t <- t[t <= tau]             # for AUC until tau
  AUC.t <- 0
  for (j in 2:length(t)) {
    if (!is.na(C[j-1])) {
      if (C[j] >= C[j-1]) { # linear-up
        AUC.t <- AUC.t+0.5*(t[j]-t[j-1])*(C[j]+C[j-1])
      } else {              # logarithmic-down
        AUC.t <- AUC.t+(t[j]-t[j-1])*(C[j]-C[j-1])/log(C[j]/C[j-1])
      }
    }
  }
  return(AUC.t)
}
AUC.i <- function(AUC.tau, C, t, last, tau) { # extrapolation
  tlast.3  <- tail(t[t <= last], 3)
  Clast.3  <- tail(C[t <= last], 3)
  Clast    <- tail(Clast.3, 1)
  Ctau     <- C[t == tau]
  mod      <- lm(log(Clast.3) ~ tlast.3)
  lambda.z <- -coef(mod)[[2]]
  if (lambda.z <= 0) stop("increasing concentrations")
  AUC.inf  <- AUC.tau+Ctau/lambda.z
  return(AUC.inf)
}
last  <- 72
tau   <- 24
f     <- 1
D     <- 100
V     <- 5
ke    <- log(2)/7       # moderate elimination half life
tlag  <- 0              # optional >= 0
forms <- 15             # no. of formulations
ka    <- log(2)/1:forms # vary absorption
t     <- seq(0, last, 0.1)
AUC.ext <- numeric()
windows(width = 6, height = 6)
op    <- par(no.readonly = TRUE)
par(mar = c(4, 4, 0.2, 0) + 0.1, family = "sans")
split.screen(c(2, 1))
screen(1)
  for (j in 1:forms) {
    C <- C.t(f, D, V, ka[j], ke, t, tlag)
    if (j == 1) {
      plot(t, C, type = "l", col = "blue", axes = FALSE,
           xlab = "time", ylab = "concentration")
      abline(v = tau, lty = 3)
      axis(1, labels = seq(0, last, 6), at = seq(0, last, 6))
      axis(2, las = 1)
    } else {
      if (ka[j] > ke) {
        lines(t, C, col = "blue")
      } else { # flip-flop
        lines(t, C, col = "red")
      }
    }
    AUC.tau    <- AUC.t(C, t, tau)
    AUC.inf    <- AUC.i(AUC.tau, C, t, last, tau)
    AUC.ext[j] <- (AUC.inf-AUC.tau)/AUC.inf
  }
  clr <- ifelse (ka/ke > 1, clr <- "blue", clr <- "red")
  par(family = "mono")
  legend("topright", title = "ka / kel", box.lty = 0,
         legend = sprintf("%.4f", ka/ke), title.col = "black",
         text.col = clr, cex = 0.75, ncol = 3); box()
screen(2)
  par(family = "sans")
  plot(ka/ke, 100*AUC.ext, ylim = c(0, max(100*AUC.ext)), log = "x",
       axes = FALSE, xlab = "ka / kel", ylab = "extrapolated AUC",
       pch = 19, col = clr)
  points(rev(ka/ke)[which(rev(AUC.ext) <= 0.1)],
         rev(100*AUC.ext)[rev(AUC.ext) <= 0.1], pch = 21, col = "#00C000",
         bg = "transparent", cex = 1.55)
  xticks <- c(axTicks(side = 1, log = TRUE), max(ka/ke))
  axis(1, at = xticks, labels = xticks)
  axis(2, las = 1, at = c(0, pretty(100*AUC.ext)),
       labels = sprintf("%.0f%%", c(0, pretty(100*AUC.ext))))
  abline(v = 1, lty = 3)  # flip-flop limit
  abline(h = 10, lty = 3) # MD waiver limit
  par(family = "mono")
  legend("topright", title = "ka / kel, extrapolated AUC", box.lty = 0,
         legend = sprintf("%.4f %.2f%%", rev(ka/ke), rev(100*AUC.ext)),
         title.col = "black", text.col = rev(clr), cex = 0.75, ncol = 3,
         bg = "white"); box()
close.screen(all = TRUE)
par(op)


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wienui
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Germany/Oman,
2020-09-09 19:43
(1296 d 02:40 ago)

@ Helmut
Posting: # 21913
Views: 2,911
 

 EMA: Waiving MD study

Hi Helmut,

❝ at the end an [image] script to play with.


❝ For any elimination half life of > 7 hours and an intended dosing interval of 24 hours it will be impossible to get the MD study waived. Red are formulations with flip-flop PK (kakel).


Could you please kindly add more explanation.

Cheers,
Osama
Helmut
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Vienna, Austria,
2020-09-09 21:26
(1296 d 00:57 ago)

@ wienui
Posting: # 21914
Views: 2,929
 

 EMA: Waiving MD study

Hi Osama,

❝ ❝ at the end an [image] script to play with.

❝ ❝

❝ ❝ For any elimination half life of > 7 hours and an intended dosing interval of 24 hours it will be impossible to get the MD study waived. Red are formulations with flip-flop PK (kakel).


❝ Could you please kindly add more explanation.


About the script or about what I’m doing here? :-D

OK, seriously: Acc. to the EMA’s GL the MD study can be waived if AUCτ–∞ is ≤10% of AUC0–∞. Of course, in the SD study you would sample longer than τ to get a reliable estimate of λz and show that AUC0–t ≥ 80% AUC0–∞. Furthermore, you would try to show equivalence of partial AUCs.
When you develop an extended release formulation you try to slow down absorption, i.e., decrease the ka/kel-ratio – which the script does. That’s all you can do cause kel is drug-specific. In an ideal case (e.g., no absorption window) the AUC will not be affected, only Cmax will be lower and delayed. So far, so good.
But it has a nasty side effect. The early part of the AUC (until τ) will decrease and the late part increase, making waiving the MD study not possible due to the ≤10% of AUC0–∞ limit.*


  • Scheerans C, Heinig R, Mueck W. Proposal for defining the relevance of drug accumulation derived from single dose study data for modified release dosage forms. Biopharm Drug Dis. 2015; 36(2): 93–103. doi:10.1002/bdd.1923. [image] Open access.

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PharmCat
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Russia,
2020-09-10 22:12
(1295 d 00:11 ago)

@ Helmut
Posting: # 21915
Views: 2,808
 

 PK model

Hi Helmut!

I can be wrong.

I suppose when we have modified release dosage form there are can be some changes in the PK model. We shold take in to accaunt that dissolution profile of form in GI can have own dynamic. For example: if absorbtion of dissoluted drug is high and dissolution is linear we can have something with "plato" profile. So resulting PK profile can be wery surprising.
Helmut
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Vienna, Austria,
2020-09-11 00:26
(1294 d 21:56 ago)

@ PharmCat
Posting: # 21916
Views: 2,837
 

 Zero order helps often

Hi PharmCat,

❝ I can be wrong.


No, you aren’t. :-D

❝ I suppose when we have modified release dosage form there are can be some changes in the PK model. […] So resulting PK profile can be wery surprising.


In many cases a good model is similar to an infusion (i.e., zero order input). The only difference is that instead of the length of the infusion \(t_\textrm{i}\) the end of absorption \(t_\textrm{e}\) is used:
$$C(t)=\frac{f\; D}{t_\textrm{e}\; V\; k_\textrm{el}}\left [\exp (k_\textrm{el}\cdot t^{*})-\exp (k_\textrm{el}\cdot t) \right ]\left\{\begin{matrix}
t>t_\textrm{e} \to t^{*}=t-t_\textrm{e}\\
t\leqslant t_\textrm{e} \to t^{*}=0
\end{matrix}\right.$$Little bit tricky cause \(t_\textrm{i}\) is a known constant and \(t_\textrm{e}\) and estimate.

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PharmCat
★    

Russia,
2020-09-11 04:33
(1294 d 17:50 ago)

@ Helmut
Posting: # 21917
Views: 2,793
 

 Zero order helps often

Hi Helmut!

❝ In many cases a good model is similar to an infusion...


I thin it can be look like this:

[image]

For ODE system:

function pkf!(du,u,p,t)
    if u[1] > 0 px = 0.8 else px = 0 end
    du[1] = - px
    du[2] = - p[1] * u[2] + px
    du[3] =   p[1] * u[2] - p[2] * u[3] end
u0 = [10.000, 0.000, 0.0] p = [0.3, 0.04]
mittyri
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Russia,
2020-09-11 07:31
(1294 d 14:52 ago)

@ PharmCat
Posting: # 21918
Views: 2,802
 

 Distributed delay

Hi PharmCat,

[image]


one step further and you are on Gamma Distributed delay ;-) (Savic, Hu)

Kind regards,
Mittyri
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